All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source. |
SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY |
REGISTERED UNIT STANDARD THAT HAS PASSED THE END DATE: |
Provide care for babies, toddlers and young children |
SAQA US ID | UNIT STANDARD TITLE | |||
244469 | Provide care for babies, toddlers and young children | |||
ORIGINATOR | ||||
SGB Early Childhood Development | ||||
PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QUALITY ASSURANCE FUNCTIONARY | ||||
- | ||||
FIELD | SUBFIELD | |||
Field 05 - Education, Training and Development | Early Childhood Development | |||
ABET BAND | UNIT STANDARD TYPE | PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL | NQF LEVEL | CREDITS |
Undefined | Regular | Level 4 | NQF Level 04 | 10 |
REGISTRATION STATUS | REGISTRATION START DATE | REGISTRATION END DATE | SAQA DECISION NUMBER | |
Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2018-07-01 | 2023-06-30 | SAQA 06120/18 | |
LAST DATE FOR ENROLMENT | LAST DATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT | |||
2024-06-30 | 2027-06-30 |
In all of the tables in this document, both the pre-2009 NQF Level and the NQF Level is shown. In the text (purpose statements, qualification rules, etc), any references to NQF Levels are to the pre-2009 levels unless specifically stated otherwise. |
This unit standard does not replace any other unit standard and is not replaced by any other unit standard. |
PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD |
This Unit Standard is for people who wish to enter or obtain recognition at an entry level of Early Childhood Development (ECD).
People credited with this Unit Standard are capable of: |
LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING |
It is assumed that learners are competent in Communication at NQF Level 3 or equivalent. |
UNIT STANDARD RANGE |
"Care" refers to nutrition, safety and health.
The learner must demonstrate practical care for either babies/toddlers or young children, and explain how they would have approached it differently had they been working with the other age-group e.g. there are differences in safety issues for babies as opposed to older children; as well as differences in safety issues for individuals versus groups. |
Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria: |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 1 |
Provide a safe and healthy environment to prevent and reduce injuries and illness. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
Legal implications of providing responsible care are identified, with particular reference to public liability issues and related responsibilities of care-givers. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Recorded history of monitoring and reporting. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 |
Environmental hazards are identified and explained in terms of their potential impact on the safety of children. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Identification of potential indoor and outdoor health and safety hazards within each of the following categories:
|
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 |
Environmental hazards are identified and explained in terms of their potential impact on the health of children. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Hazards include but are not limited to polluted water sources, poisoning (including lead), radiation (cell phone masts), animals, parasites (worms), food deprivation, food contamination, medicines. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 |
Strategies for preventing and/or correcting safety hazards in the environment are identified and implemented, thus ensuring a safe environment as per the ages and stages of the children. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 |
Strategies for preventing and/or correcting health hazards in the environment are identified and implemented, thus ensuring a safe environment as per the ages and stages of the children. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 6 |
Written Health & Safety records are maintained to accurately reflect strategies and actions taken. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 7 |
Contact lists of available emergency services and parents/guardians are accurate and easily accessible. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 8 |
Emergency plans, procedures and equipment are ensured to be available, appropriate to the given emergencies, and can be understood by all the adults and children. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Emergency plans for fire, public violence, natural disasters. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 9 |
Supervision of children is appropriate to their developmental level and the degree of potential risk involved. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Supervision of children within the scope of hearing or vision, indoor, outdoor and outing supervision. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 2 |
Promote and maintain optimal health and nutrition for caregivers and children. |
OUTCOME RANGE |
Health and nutrition includes but is not limited to feeding, growth monitoring, training, making a menu, food gardens, isolating children with infections, monitoring children, carrying out health checks, taking universal precautions. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
Child health is monitored and instruments are correctly interpreted and integrated into practice. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Health monitoring instruments refer to the "Road to Health Card" which is held by the family. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 |
Awareness and implementation of Workplace Health Policies and Guidelines is explained in terms of maintaining staff health. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Maintenance of health includes but is not limited to immunization, back-care- lifting heavy objects, HIV and AIDS, exclusion due to specific illnesses. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 |
Common childhood diseases and infections are described in terms of their symptoms and transmission, as well as possible effects on individuals and/or groups. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 |
Responses to illness are appropriate to the nature of the illness. Children presenting symptoms of common infectious diseases are referred to qualified Health Practitioners. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Notifiable diseases are reported by Health Practitioners to the Department of Health (DoH). |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 |
Actions and communication responding to the holistic needs of children are dealt with in a non-discriminatory and confidential manner, taking into consideration the child's socio-cultural context. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 6 |
Responses to injuries and emergencies are appropriate to the given situation and in line with emergency procedures and first aid practice. Conditions outside of scope of competence are referred to the appropriate authorities without delay. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Injuries and emergencies include but are not limited to seizures, asthmatic attacks, minor injuries, fractures, choking, biting, burns, universal precautions. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 7 |
Records reflect up-to-date and accurate accounts of health history, regular checks and monitoring activities, medications, actions taken, accidents and incidents. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Records are recorded on an incident report form, log book or daily journal as required. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 8 |
Medication is administered only with written consent from parent/guardian and in line with instructions. Consequences of incorrect application of medicines are described with reference to the wellbeing of the child, and possible legal consequences of negligence. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Control includes but is not limited to maintenance of health records, scheduled administration of medicines, secure storage of medicines. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 9 |
General precautions are identified and applied consistently to promote general health and welfare of children and adults. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Precautions include but are not limited to clean and appropriate clothing; balanced nutrition; personal hygiene routines, Universal precautions. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 10 |
Nutritional needs of children are provided for in relation to their age, special dietary requirements and cultural preferences, while ensuring balanced meals. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
The nutritional needs could be provided for in a number of ways, for example by providing guidance to parents on menus, by arranging meals where possible or applicable, or by preparing food. Practitioners will have access to nutrition guidelines. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 11 |
Nutrition advice and guidelines provided to children and adults promotes good nutrition and serves to encourage them to promote their own good health. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 3 |
Promote and protect the rights of children. |
OUTCOME RANGE |
The following documents provide a basis for this outcome:
|
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
Education provided to children concerning child rights is consistent with current legislation and regulations and is appropriate for the stage of development of the children. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 |
Violations of child rights are correctly identified and reported according to given procedures. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 |
Child monitoring is provided continuously and is sufficient to promote the safety of children. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Safety includes but is not limited to keeping strangers out, controlling who takes children home, not leaving children outside centre unsupervised, making sure children are not locked into centres, and where appropriate, the transportation of children. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 |
Opportunities are used to educate parents about ways of protecting children. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Education includes understanding the rights of the child. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 4 |
Manage routines and transitions. |
OUTCOME RANGE |
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
Routines are sufficiently flexible to cater for the individual needs of children. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 |
Routines implemented are sensitive to individual needs and are consistent with child rights. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 |
Routines and transitions extend learning and are managed in a way that promotes independence, participation and an understanding of the days progress/sequence. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 |
Routines and transitions are managed in a way that builds relationships and trust between children and between children and adults. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 |
Routines are managed at a level that is appropriate for the level of development of the different children. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 6 |
Routines are integrated as far as possible into activities, with sufficient opportunity for children to obtain a feeling of competence. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 7 |
Information on babies, toddlers and young children is recorded on a daily basis. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Information includes but is not limited to sleeping, feeding, elimination (nappies & potties). |
UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS |
UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE |
The following areas of knowledge are embedded within the Unit Standard, and will be assessed directly via assessment of the specific outcomes in terms of the given assessment criteria:
|
UNIT STANDARD DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME |
N/A |
UNIT STANDARD LINKAGES |
N/A |
Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO): |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO IDENTIFYING |
Identify and solve problems related to health, hygiene and safety. |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO ORGANISING |
Organise and manage oneself and one's activities responsibly and effectively in the promotion of safety, health and hygiene and the prevention of illness. |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO COLLECTING |
Collect, analyse, organise and critically evaluate information regarding child illnesses and issues related to the safety and hygiene of the environment. |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO COMMUNICATING |
Communicate effectively with children, adults and health practitioners regarding health, hygiene and safety. |
UNIT STANDARD ASSESSOR CRITERIA |
N/A |
REREGISTRATION HISTORY |
As per the SAQA Board decision/s at that time, this unit standard was Reregistered in 2012; 2015. |
UNIT STANDARD NOTES |
Glossary:
Activities - refer to the active involvement of babies, toddlers and young children with a range of resources, materials and actions that contribute towards their development. This includes routine-based and play-based activities. Babies, toddlers and young children: Developmentally appropriate although it is accepted that there are multiple and contested ways in which the term may be used and understood, at its heart, "developmentally appropriate" is intended to convey the sense that children do develop in recognisable ways, even if at different rates and in line with different models of development. Hence, we may speak of something being developmentally appropriate if it meets the developmental needs of babies, toddlers and young children, supported by justifiable theories will inform the programme. Early Childhood Development (ECD) Service - the care, facilitation, observation, reporting and working with families and others in a variety of settings for the development of babies, toddlers and young children. Early Childhood Development (ECD) Settings - to any place where a child is or children are, including but not limited to Early Childhood Development (ECD) centres, institutions such as prisons and hospitals, and at home. Facilitate - means the use of a range of activities, all of which combine in various ways to contribute to the holistic development of babies, toddlers and young children. Framework - guidelines to outline the range of Early Childhood Development (ECD) services, programmes and legal, health and social practices. Inclusion - the inclusion of all children including those with special needs. Programme - refers to the routines or schedules that spell out the sequence of daily and weekly events. The schedules may be very loose or highly structured depending on context and preference. |
QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD: |
ID | QUALIFICATION TITLE | PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL | NQF LEVEL | STATUS | END DATE | PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QA FUNCTIONARY | |
Core | 58761 | Further Education and Training Certificate: Early Childhood Development | Level 4 | NQF Level 04 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | ETDP SETA |
PROVIDERS CURRENTLY ACCREDITED TO OFFER THIS UNIT STANDARD: |
This information shows the current accreditations (i.e. those not past their accreditation end dates), and is the most complete record available to SAQA as of today. Some Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionaries have a lag in their recording systems for provider accreditation, in turn leading to a lag in notifying SAQA of all the providers that they have accredited to offer qualifications and unit standards, as well as any extensions to accreditation end dates. The relevant Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionary should be notified if a record appears to be missing from here. |
1. | 3 At Work Recruitment Agency |
2. | ABASUNGULI TRAINING SPESIALISTS (PTY) LTD |
3. | Abinet Training and Development |
4. | ABM COLLEGE SA (PTY) LTD |
5. | Accreditation & Training Services |
6. | Acorser Corporate & Business Consulting t/a Acorser Academy |
7. | African Learning & Development Academy (Pty) Ltd (ALDA) |
8. | Afrika Tikkun NCC |
9. | Amogelang Marketing and Training |
10. | Amyoli Consulting |
11. | ATTI (Advanced Technonogy Training Institute) |
12. | Aubrey Nyiko Business Enterprise cc |
13. | Axolemahle Business Enterprise |
14. | B T Group of Companies Pty Ltd |
15. | Berry Rose Project Consultants & Service Providers |
16. | Boitjhorisong Resource Centre |
17. | BOLAND COLLEGE |
18. | BORDERGATE EVENTS MANAGEMENT AND PROJECTS |
19. | Brain Boosters Business Education (PTY) LTD |
20. | Brainwave Projects 1997 CC |
21. | Caversham Education Institute |
22. | Centre for Creative Education/Iziko La Bantu Be Afrika NPC |
23. | Changing Lives Community Development Training |
24. | College of Cape Town - Athlone Campus |
25. | Compass Academy of Learning |
26. | Custoda Trust |
27. | D M Management and Consulting |
28. | Damelin Correspondence College (Pty) Ltd |
29. | DC Academy (PTY)LTD |
30. | Dee s Training PTY LTD |
31. | DEVELO CC |
32. | Diligence Defined Projects PTY Ltd t/a Deligence Defined |
33. | Dintshang Trading |
34. | Directflo |
35. | Dru A Professional Further Education and Training College DAPFETC PT |
36. | Dynamic Safety Solutions |
37. | Early Inspiration |
38. | Early Learning Foundation Montessori Teacher Training |
39. | Early Learning Resource Unit (ELRU) |
40. | East London Technical t/a Buffalo City TVET College |
41. | EASTCAPE MIDLANDS COLLEGE BUSINESS UNIT (Uitenhage) (WA) |
42. | EBENEZER TRAINING HOUSE FOR EARLY LEARNING |
43. | Edu Experts SA |
44. | Edu P Earl Education For Practitioners in Early Childhood Development (Pty) Ltd |
45. | EDU-Bless College |
46. | Edu-Build Institute |
47. | Edu-Prof Training Centre |
48. | EDUTAK PRE-SCHOOL TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT |
49. | Emtonjeni Wolwazi |
50. | Enjo Consultants (Pty) Ltd |
51. | Environment and Language Education Trust |
52. | FALSE BAY TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION & TRAINING COLLEGE |
53. | Faranang Business and Training Solutions PTY(LTD) |
54. | FLAVIUS MAREKA FET COLLEGE |
55. | Fourways Private College |
56. | FURNITURE WORLD TRAINING CENTRE |
57. | Future Performance Training and Development |
58. | Future-Teacher (Pty) Ltd |
59. | Gauteng Baobab Early Learning Training Programme |
60. | Gert Sibande Public FET College - Central Office |
61. | Goldfields TVET College |
62. | Grassroots Adult Education and Training Trust |
63. | GWALA TRAINING SERVICES |
64. | HOPE ACADEMIC AND SKILL CENTRE |
65. | ICM t/a Institute for Career Management |
66. | Igugu Training and Investments |
67. | Ikamva Projects Pty Ltd |
68. | Ikusasa Lothisha t/a ECD Training Provider |
69. | INGWE FET COLLEGE |
70. | INKWENKWEZI PRIVATE COLLEGE - SKILLS DEVELOPMENT cc |
71. | Institute of Professional Studies and Services |
72. | Isamon Vocational College of Excellence Pty Ltd |
73. | Isibani Skills Academy |
74. | Isibani Soluntu Development Trust |
75. | Itireleng Bokamoso Trading Development Services and Associates |
76. | J and N Ikwekwezi Yokusa Development Training |
77. | Jabulani Training & Development |
78. | Karabo Info Centre and Trading |
79. | Katehong Early Learning Resourse Unit (KELRU ) |
80. | Katiso-kuno Consulting |
81. | KDS Centre for Skills Development and Training Pty Ltd |
82. | Keetileafrika Training Institute |
83. | Keletsong Community Training & Resource Centre |
84. | Kgaka Kgolo Institute (Pty) Ltd |
85. | Kgang-Kgolo Consulting |
86. | Khaas Training Academy |
87. | KHANIMAMBA TRAINING AND RESOURCE CENTRE |
88. | Khoali Group of Companies (Pty) Ltd |
89. | Khululeka Community Education Centre |
90. | Kids Academy |
91. | Kitso Bokamoso Training Solution |
92. | KITSO TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT |
93. | Klein Karoo Resource Centre |
94. | KWAZULU NATAL EXPERIMENTAL COLLEGE |
95. | KZN Network on Violence Against Women |
96. | Lebzatainment Foundation NPC |
97. | Lehlabile Emergency Institute |
98. | Leronsa Trading Enterprise |
99. | LESEDI EDUCARE ASSOCIATION |
100. | Li Lichule Trading cc |
101. | Lionsden Africa Business Solutions Pty Ltd |
102. | Loago Business Consulting |
103. | Lynne Hobbs cc |
104. | Mabidi Funzani Trading And Projects Pty Ltd |
105. | MacMillan South Africa (Pty) Ltd |
106. | MASAKANE TRUST |
107. | Masakhane Training and Consultant Pty Ltd |
108. | MASIKHULE EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE |
109. | MATHS CENTRE INCORPORATING SCIENCES |
110. | MENTORNET (PTY) LTD |
111. | Mnambithi FET College - Central Office |
112. | Mochochonono Training Solutions cc |
113. | Mondo Skills and services providers |
114. | Motheo Training Institute Trust |
115. | NATAL EARLY LEARNING RESOURCE UNIT TRUST |
116. | NC COMPLIANCE SOLUTIONS |
117. | Ndoma Mathodi Trading Enterprise |
118. | Netgrow Training Solutions |
119. | Networx for Career Development |
120. | New Beginnings Training and Development Organisation |
121. | Next Step Academy (Pty) Ltd |
122. | NKANGALA TVET COLLEGE |
123. | Noni Community Development |
124. | Northern Cape Urban College: Kimberley Campus |
125. | Northlink College |
126. | Northshore Trading 19CC t/a Makakhaunye Training and Development Agency |
127. | Nsovo Learning Academy |
128. | Ntataise Lowveld Trust |
129. | NTATAISE TRUST |
130. | Ntevho-Ketso Training and Recruitement Consultancy cc |
131. | Ntiyiso Training and Skills Consultancy |
132. | Ntsangalala Business Enterprise |
133. | Nyelati Trading Enterprise |
134. | OPELONG BUSINESS INSTITUTE (PT |
135. | Orbit FET College - Central Office |
136. | PC Educational Holdings Pty Ltd |
137. | Peddie Development Centre |
138. | Penreach |
139. | People Upliftments t/a POPUP Upliftment |
140. | Petra institute of Development (PTY) Ltd |
141. | PHALANE SAFETY CONSULTANT AND TRAINING PROVIDERS PTY LTD |
142. | Pineridge Training Centre |
143. | PMA Holding (Pty) Ltd |
144. | PND Academy of Learning cc |
145. | PNJ TRAINING ACADEMY NPC |
146. | Port Elizabeth TVET College |
147. | PRO-ACTIVE PUBLIC SERVICES COLLEGE/PTY/LTD |
148. | Pro-Ed Training |
149. | PROFESSIONAL CHILD CARE COLLEGE PTY LTD |
150. | Professional Development and Training Institute (Pty) Ltd |
151. | Rampadise Education Training & Development Centre |
152. | Read Educational Trust |
153. | Realeboga Development Services |
154. | Reflections Development Institute |
155. | REGIONAL EDUCARE COUNCIL |
156. | Retshetse Training Project |
157. | Rhodes University |
158. | Right 4 u College |
159. | Safe and Sound Learning Association |
160. | SANTS College |
161. | Sebenzisanane Human Capital |
162. | SERITI INSTITUTE |
163. | Sisazi Consulting |
164. | SITHUTHUKILE TRUST |
165. | Siyahluma Education Institute |
166. | Siyathuthuka Nursery School |
167. | South African Congress For Early Childhood Development |
168. | South Cape Public FET College - George Campus |
169. | South West Gauteng Tvet College |
170. | Southern African Institute of Learning (SAIL) |
171. | Southern African Youth Movement |
172. | Spotru Training Centre |
173. | SPS Consulting (Pty) Ltd |
174. | Sunshine Community Outreach Ministry of Youth With A Mission |
175. | Sustainability Institute Trust |
176. | T Mabuya & Associates (Pty) Ltd |
177. | Takatso Educare Training and Development Services |
178. | Tekollo Trading (Pty) Ltd |
179. | Tembe Service Providers |
180. | Thabelanang t/a Thabelanang Trading Enterprise |
181. | The College of Modern Montessori |
182. | The Iscariota Group (Pty) Ltd |
183. | THE MATTHEW GONIWE SCHOOL OF LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE |
184. | The Port Elizabeth Early Learning Centre |
185. | Thembekile training consulting |
186. | Thobologo Training and Education Group (Pty) Ltd |
187. | THUKAKGALADI INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT |
188. | THUSANANG TRUST |
189. | Thuto Adult Centre |
190. | Thuto-Botshabelo Training and Projects (Pty) Ltd |
191. | Tiakeni Training Centre |
192. | TLHARIHANI TRAINING CENTRE (PTY) LTD |
193. | Tokelo Training Intervention in ECD |
194. | Train 2 Teach (PTY) Ltd |
195. | Training and Resources in Early Education (TREE) |
196. | Trainyoucan (Pty) Ltd |
197. | TSHEPANG EDUCARE TRUST |
198. | Tshepo Hope Consulting |
199. | TSHIROLOGO DISABILITY TRAINING SERVICES PTY TLD |
200. | Twilight Lehlabile Construction Pty Ltd |
201. | Umgungundlovu FET College |
202. | UMO LEARNING SUPPORT SYSTEM |
203. | Unathi Training |
204. | UNIVERSAL COLLEGE OUTCOMES SA |
205. | VH Consulting |
206. | Vuselela TVET College |
207. | VUWA PROJECTS |
208. | Water berg FET College |
209. | Waterberg TVET College |
210. | WEST COAST COLLEGE FET |
211. | WESTERN COLLEGE FOR FURTHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING |
212. | Winston Academy |
213. | WonderKids Academy |
214. | World Wide Education Providers(Pty)Ltd |
215. | Woz'obona Early Childhood Community Service Group |
216. | Yellow Media Learning Institute (Pty) Ltd |
217. | Zisukumele Training Academy (Pty) Ltd |
All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source. |