Level, Credits and Learning Components Assigned to the Qualification:
This is a four year professional qualification, articulating with previously achieved competency in philosophy, which supplies the necessary skills for the integration of subject matter in the higher level modules. The NQF level is 7 and requires 605 credits to complete the course.
The components of the qualification are as follows:
BST Fundamental Components
Course Name: Church History I, 14 Credits Course Name: Introduction to Old and New Testament, 14 Credits Course Name: Introduction to Theology, 8 Credits Course Name: Christian Anthropology, 8 Credits Course Name: Fundamental Morals, 14 Credits Course Name: Liturgical Foundations, 8 Credits Course Name: Hebrew I, 9 Credits Course Name: Faith & Revelation, 14 Credits Course Name: History of Christian Spirituality I, 8 Credits Course Name: Homiletics I, 8 Credits Course Name: Greek I, 8 Credits Course Name: God for Us (Trinity & Grace), 14 Credits Course Name: History of Liturgy I, 8 Credits Course Name: Canon Law I, 8 Credits Credits Course Name: Ecclesiology, 14 Credits Course Name: Introduction to Sacraments, 8 Credits
Total Fundamental Component Credits: 165 Credits
BST Core Components
Course Name: Bioethics, 8 Credits Course Name: Church History II, 14 Credits Course Name: History of Christian Spirituality II, 8 Credits Course Name: Prophets, 8 Credits Course Name: Synoptics, 8 Credits Course Name: I Corinthians, 8 Credits Course Name: Romans, 8 Credits Course Name: Patristics, 8 Credits Course Name: Social Morals, 8 Credits Course Name: Pentateuch, 8 Credits Course Name: Psalms, 8 Credits Course Name: Christology, 14 Credits Course Name: African Theology, 8 Credits Course Name: History of Liturgy II, 8 Credits Course Name: Marriage & Sexuality, 14 Credits Course Name: Homiletics II, 8 Credits Course Name: Wisdom Literature, 8 Credits Course Name: Christian Mission, 8 Credits Course Name: Introduction to World Religions, 8 Credits Course Name: Christian Education, 14 Credits Course Name: Apocalypse, 8 Credits Course Name: Historical Books, 8 Credits Course Name: Gospel of John, 8 Credits Course Name: Sacraments of Initiation, 14 Credits Course Name: Sacraments of Healing &Vocation, 14 Credits Course Name: Inculturation, 8 Credits Course Name: Counselling I, 8 Credits Course Name: Canon Law II, 8 Credits Course Name: CPE/CSP, 32 Credits Course Name: Reflection on Ministry, 32 Credits Course Name: Special Moral Theology I, 8 Credits Course Name: Special Moral Theolgy II, 8 Credits Course Name: Canon Law on Marriage, 8 Credits Course Name: Pastoral Liturgy, 14 Credits Course Name: Counselling II, 8 Credits Course Name: Pastoral Canon Law, 8 Credits Course Name: Pastoral Administration, 8 Credits Course Name: Marriage & Family Counselling, 8 Credits Course Name: Integrating Seminar, 14 Credits
Total Core Component Credits: 408 Credits
BST Elective Components (4 modules of this selection are required)
Course Name: Ministry of Deacon and Acolyte, 8 Credits Course Name: Seminar on Spiritual Direction, 8 Credits Course Name: Job, 8 Credits Course Name: New Testament Theology, 8 Credits Course Name: Greek II, 8 Credits Course Name: Hebrew II, 8 Credits Course Name: Theology of Christian Prayer, 8 Credits Course Name: History of Christian Spirituality, 8 Credits Course Name: Being Church , 8 Credits Course Name: Carmelite Mystics, 8 Credits Course Name: Old Testament Apocalyptic, 8 Credits Course Name: The Letter to the Hebrews, 8 Credits Course Name: Greek III, 8 Credits Course Name: Hebrew III, 8 Credits Course Name: Reception of Vatican II, 8 Credits
Total Elective Component Credits: 32 Credits Total Programme Credits: 605 Credits
Electives are also made available by UKZNP and Evangelical Seminary of South Africa, via our strategic alliance, such courses may be included in the 4 elective requirement. All moderation and the credits are determined by the offering institution.
The inter-articulation and NQF level articulation of individual components will further be described under the exit level outcomes of this document.
Field: Scripture
Modules:
Introduction to Old and New Testament (BRB101) NQF 5
Admission: Open A technical "introduction" to the books of the Old and New Testament places the texts in their historical and cultural contexts; investigates how and when the texts were composed, transmitted and canonised; introduces the various critical methods of studying the Old and New Testament.
Prophets (BOT221) NQF 6
Admission: Requires BRB101, and TST103 Introduces study of prophecy in ancient near eastern context. Texts from Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, Ezekiel are considered to trace emergence and development of prophecy, historical background and major themes. Theological message of each prophet is considered.
Synoptic Gospels (BNT221) NQF 6
Admission: Requires BRB101 and TST103 This module looks at the gospel of Mark from a literary approach, dealing especially with the structure and the motifs of secrecy and ignorance, leading to a discussion of Marcan theology. The same is done with Matthew's and Luke's gospels, but with emphasis on source and redaction criticism.
Corinthians I (BNT222) NQF 6
Admission: Requires BRB101 and TST103 The module begins with brief introduction to Pauline and Deutero-Pauline corpus. Focus is on First Letter to the Corinthians in relation to structure, problems encountered in Corinth, aspects of Paul's theology. Text as basis of evaluation of methodology in pastoral praxis today will be considered.
Romans (BNT223) NQF 6
Admission: Requires BRB101 and TST103 This module looks at the influence of Romans in the history of Christianity and the contemporary approaches. The Letter is read using the historical and rhetorical approach, and highlights the main theological themes in the letter. Romans is compared with the Catholic letters, particularly James and 1 Peter.
Pentateuch (BOT222) NQF 6
Admission: Requires BRB101 and TST103 An introduction to the study of the Pentateuch as a whole, using source criticism, form criticism, canonical criticism. A large portion of the module is devoted to a close study of either the books, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers or Deuteronomy on a rotational basis. The approach is broadly historical-critical, literary and theological.
The Psalms (BOT223) NQF 6
Admission: Requires BRB101 and TST103 The module concentrates on the poetry and the form-critical categories of the Psalms, their origins and their relationship to the community of the Second Temple, and their theology.
Wisdom Literature (BOT224) NQF 6
Admission: Requires BRB101 and TST103 This part of the module deals with the definition, genres, forms, structure and historical situation of the wisdom books of the OT, both Hebrew and Greek. The Books of Proverbs, Qoheleth, Sirach & Wisdom are studied, and Mesopotamian, Egyptian,& Greek influences are considered.
Historical Books (BOT325) NQF 7
Admission: Requires BOT222 An outline of the historical books Joshua, Judges, I & II Samuel, I & II Kings, I & II Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, I & II Maccabees with a close study of the literary methods and structures employed by both the Deuteronomist and the Chronicler, special attention is also given to the relationship of the Historical books to the Archeology of Palestine.
The Gospel of John (BNT325) NQF 7
Admission: Requires BNT221 Module introduces theology of John. Structure of Gospel, author's style of writing and method of thought, themes and motifs are all considered as are structural and thematic comparisons with Synoptics.
The Book of Revelation (BNT224) NQF 7
Admission: Requires BRB101 and TST103 This module discusses various understandings of apocalyptic literature and of the Apocalypse, the geographical, political, and social origins of the book, authorship, literary structure, imagery and theology.
The Letter to the Hebrews (BNT272) NQF 7
Admission: Requires BRB101 and TST103 An understanding of the style of writing and method of thought of the author and a knowledge of the theme and motifs of the letter. The students will be able to identify passages of the letter in their contexts and in the overall structure and argument of the letter. The of the letter will be compared with that of other NT books.
Greek I (BLA102) NQF 6
Admission: Open An introduction to NT Greek. Module introduces students to language in which NT was written. Aim is ability to recognise and write Greek words, understand morphological & syntactical elements, read and translate simple sentences and short passages from the NT.
Greek II (BLA273) NQF 7
Admission: Requires BLA102 The module aims to deepen students knowledge of language and ability to read, translate and analyse a basic Greek Text.
Greek III (BLA374) NQF 8
Admission: Requires BLA 273 The module aims to deepen students' knowledge further by dealing with more complex texts than Greek II.
Hebrew I (BLA101) NQF 6
Admission: Open Introduction to Biblical Hebrew. The module aims to lead students to recognize and write Hebrew words, understand basic morphological and syntactical elements of biblical Hebrew, with a thorough knowledge of the Qal conjugation for the strong verb, read and translate simple sentences from Hebrew to English and English to Hebrew and finally read, parse and understand a select narrative passage from the OT.
Hebrew II (BLA271) NQF 7
Admission: Requires BLA101 Builds on Hebrew I introducing students to the other conjugations and the weak verbs by means of close study of a variety of narrative texts.
Hebrew III (BLA372) NQF 8
Admission: Requires BLA271 Further advances the knowledge of Hebrew by dealing with the peculiarities of poetic texts.
Job (BOT271) NQF 7
Admission: Requires BRB101 and TST103 Module considers some modern and contemporary readings of Job and historical, literary and thematic approaches to the text. Select texts are then considered in light of these.
Old Testament Apocalyptic Literature (BOT272) NQF 7
Admission: Requires BRB101 and TST103 This module will discuss the development of apocalyptic literature, tracing it through the apocalyptic section of Isaiah, Ezekiel, 1 Enoch, Daniel, the NT Book of Revelation, 2 Baruch, and 4 Ezra.
NT Theology (BNT271) NQF 7
Admission: Open This module considers the writings of the New Testament as attempts by early Christian pastors, theologians, and communities to formulate their faith in Jesus Christ in and for their particular situations. The evident diversity of early Christian belief and practice - and indeed, early Christian theology - will be a constant throughout our study.
Field: Systematic Theology
Modules:
Introduction to Theology (TST101) NQF 5
Admission: Open Module aims to explore the meaning of the word "theology" and come to some clarity as regards the elements contained in theological investigation. Attention will be directed to questions such as "Why do you do theology?" and "Who does theology?" Theological approaches, methods, principal areas of theology, a brief history of theology, an overview of the documents of Vatican II as well as local relevant documents will be considered.
Christian Anthropology (TST102) NQF 5
Admission: Open Based on presupposition that all theology must come from anthropology, module will explore what it means to be human so as to understand the religious answer to the human question. The following themes will be explored; the human person, creation, created in God's image & likeness, original sin (sin, evil, suffering) grace & redemption, eschatology and re-creation.
Faith and Revelation (TST103) NQF 6
Admission: Open The module will consider the meaning of divine self-communication (revelation) and the human response (faith) in reference to nature, history & reason, African traditional religion, biblical revelation, and faith in reference to Jesus Christ. Avery Dulles' five models of revelation, the document of Vatican II on revelation, Dei Verbum, as well as recent African, Latin American and feminist theologians will be considered.
Christology (TST221) NQF 6
Admission: Requires TST 101 & BRB101 The module is a critical examination of the person and mission of Jesus. It considers the scriptural witness and historical struggles to understand and be faithful to Jesus the Lord. Topics include: cultural context of Jesus of Nazareth, the "quests for the historical Jesus", key themes in Christ's ministry, the meaning of his death and resurrection, contemporary theological interpretations of the death and resurrection, theological approaches of soteriology especially from liberation theology, the Christological decisions of church councils of the first five centuries, and contemporary contextual Christologies.
God for Us: Trinity and Grace (TST104) NQF 6
Admission: Requires TST 101 & BRB101 This module explores the structure of God's self-revelation in salvation history, centred on the mystery of Christ as the departure point. An overview of this history and doctrines of the Roman Catholic tradition, along with the contributions of recent theologians will be covered as well as the African understanding of God and "Trinity". It will also examine the person and activity of the Holy Spirit in the life of the Christian and the church from perspective of scripture, key theological issues past and present, and contemporary theological reflection, especially in Africa. The theology of grace is considered in reference to scriptural foundations, the history of theology, contemporary reflection on grace as liberating, and finally African theological reflection.
Ecclesiology (TST105) NQF 6
Admission: Requires TST 101 & BRB101 Module considers theological understanding of nature and purpose of church & its relationship to world. Emergence of church in apostolic and sub-Apostolic eras and subsequent historical development will be examined so as to assess present challenges and possibilities. Church's self-understanding today is examined through critical reading of Lumen Gentium and Ecclesia in Africa. Module will further consider Mary, the Mother of Jesus in relationship to Jesus and to the Christian life. Marian texts in the NT, the four main Marian dogmas, Mary in Lumen Gentium, and current trends in Mariology will be considered.
General Introduction to the Sacraments: Theology of Word and Sacrament (TST106) NQF 6
Admission: Requires TST 101 & TST102 A fundamental introduction to Christian sacramentality. Beginning with insights from anthropology and ritual studies, it will explore the theoretical and dynamic aspects of the sacraments, with particular reference to the Roman Catholic Church in the context of sub-Saharan Africa and with close attention to critical historical study.
The Sacraments of Initiation: Baptism and Confirmation and Eucharist (TST325) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TST106 A study of the theology of the sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation and Eucharist as summit of Christian conversion and means of initiation. Origins and development of the rites will be examined showing how they have been understood over time. Module will then focus on the Eucharist, especially Catholic teaching on the Mass and real presence. Contemporary pastoral and theoretical difficulties will be considered throughout.
Sacraments of Healing & Vocation (TST326) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TST106 Anointing and Reconciliation Module explores the emergence of the sacraments, their history and theology. Included will be the social sciences' contribution to the human reality of healing and forgiveness. Contemporary contextual problems and challenges will be discussed, along with the implications of the revised Roman Catholic Rites along with related psychological and anthropological dimensions of healing. Sacraments of Vocation: Marriage and Orders, module will investigate ministry as emerging in the NT, the early church and later history. The theology of ministry in the Roman Catholic church and its renewal today in light of research and ecclesial experiences of the church in Africa will be considered as well as the relationship of lay ministry to ordained ministry. The module will then explore the anthropological foundations of marriage as well as both OT and NT understandings. The historical emergence of Christian marriage will be considered followed by discussion of related issues of divorce and remarriage, the 'ends of marriage', polygamy and polyandry, Humanae Vitae, the survival of Christian marriage, recent church documents and related pastoral issues.
African Theology (TST222) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TST101 & TST102 Module considers the relationship of Christianity and African Traditional Religions; evangelization and colonialism; mission theology, African Theology and South African Theology; contributions of African Independent Churches. Finally it assesses the 1994 African Synod of Bishops.
Inculturation (TST227) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TST101 & TST102 Module seeks to develop understanding of inculturation process and present theological models and tools needed so as to avoid division, relativism, syncretism and sectarianism. Recognition of the role of culture in Christianity and its relation to theology is considered as well as strengths and weaknesses of inculturation. Students research their own ecclesial context to find ways inculturation can benefit their local church.
Christian Mission (TST323) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TST101, TST102 and BRB101 The Module discusses Christian Mission from its Scriptural roots to current thought, close attention is paid to the history of Mission in Africa in an Ecumenical context and to contemporary questions with regard to believers of other faiths.
Introduction to World Religions (TST124) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TST101 & TST102 The Module provides an introduction the thought world of different religious systems in their own terms so that students may engage with questions of social and moral import from those viewpoints. The module covers the world views of Shamanism, African Traditional Religion (with special reference to the phenomenon of the Sangoma), Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Judaism and Islam.
History of Christian Spirituality II (TSP221) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TST101 & TST102 The module is a critical examination of the method of feminist theology, and its interpretation of some major Christian teachings and aspects of the Christian experience set within the African context. Topics include: origins and methodology; the feminist perspective in theology; hermeneutics in feminist theology; challenges to anthropology, spirituality, revelation, God, Christ, and the church; comparison with androcentric perspectives; and some prominent feminist theologians, including those of Africa.
Being Church (TST271) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TST105 A study of the Scriptural and anthropological underpinnings of the organisation of ecclesial structures and discipline in a selection of Christian denominations representing Western Christianity and present within South Africa. The focus will be on the representative denominations found in Africa as a whole. Included are Catholicism, Presbyterianism, Anglicanism and Methodism.
Field: Moral Theology
Modules:
Fundamental Moral Theology (TMT101) NQF 5
Admission: Open Module considers the complexity of moral discourse; the possibility of a specifically Christian ethic; the sources of moral theology in scripture, the experience of creation and the self as person; the Spirit in the church and in the individual conscience; the concept of 'natural law'; the human person and morality of human acts; moral norms and conscience.
Bioethics (TMT221) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TMT101 Module will identify moral principles relevant to integrity of human life and apply them to personal and professional medical dilemmas of the present age including: sacredness of human life, person as subject, abortion, new reproductive technologies, health care delivery, allocation of limited resources, organ transplants, life support systems, HIV/AIDS, euthanasia, living wills, and death.
Social Moral Theology (TMT322) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TMT101 Module explores social aspect of human existence and seeks to provide norms of judgment and standards to guide Christian action. Topics include: reading the 'signs of the times', nature and method of Catholic social teaching; ecclesial documents as 'locus theologicus' of Catholic social teaching; central underlying concepts of Catholic social teaching; and models of integrity in social justice.
Sexuality and Marriage (TMT323) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TMT101 Module aims to acquaint student with complexity of moral issues related to sexuality and marriage so as to develop positive and holistic Christian anthropology leading to constructive theology of sexuality. Topics include: contemporary issues, sexuality from a cross-cultural perspective, sex in the world religions, a Christian theology of sexuality, moral issues of homosexuality, sexual deviance, compassionate pastoral theological response, and a theology of marriage.
Field: Pastoral Theology
Modules:
Homiletics I (TPT223) NQF 7
Admission: Requires BRB101, TST101 and TMT101 Module aims to give the student the ability to prepare, organise and deliver effective homilies in a variety of pastoral situations. It also seeks to provide them with basic theological tools for their ongoing reflection on both their own preaching and preaching a such.
Homiletics II (TPT325) NQF 8
Admission: Requires TPT223 Deepens, by practical presentation and critique of homilies for various situations the skills acquired in Homiletics I.
Liturgical Foundations (TPT101) NQF 6
Admission: Open Through study of seven of the church's key liturgical documents, this module equips students with concepts and terminology so as to better help plan, lead and evaluate liturgical services. Looking at everything from architecture to inculturation, from music to ministries, this module shows why taking ownership of our Catholic tradition is so important for the vitality of our parish life.
History of Liturgy I (TPT221) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TPT101 This module considers the origins and history as well as the present norms and pastoral possibilities of 1) the liturgical year, and 2) the rites of Christian initiation, especially the revised Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults (RCIA). The Rite of Christian Initiation of Children and Infant Baptism are also considered.
History of Liturgy II (TPT222) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TPT101 This module considers the history, present rites, and pastoral possibilities relative to the Eucharist (part 1), and the Sacrament of Reconciliation and the Liturgy of the Hours (part 2).
Pastoral Liturgy (TPT331) NQF 8
Admission: Requires TPT221 and TPT222 This module prepares the student to assume the role of presider in the rites of the Catholic Church, specifically the Eucharist, rites of initiation, reconciliation, anointing of the sick, funerals, and weddings.
Ministry of Deacon & Acolyte (TPT371) NQF 8
Admission: Requires TPT221 and TPT222 This course introduces the practice of ministering as Deacon and Acolyte. It includes the place of these ministries in the structure of the Church, the appropriate vestments and liturgical actions for the exercise of these ministries.
Christian Education (TPT224) NQF 7
Admission: Requires BRB101, TST101 and TMT101 The module provides a general introduction to catechetics, the art of religious instruction. It includes the definition of Christian education, an overview of the history of catechetics, catechesis for various age-groups, cultural and social adaptations.
Canon Law I (TPT102) NQF 7
Admission: Requires BRB101, TST101 and TMT101 Module considers place of law in pastoral life of Church, general norms governing legislation, the reading of legislative texts, and church structures at various levels. A basic understanding of the legislation, as well as canonico-theological debates relating to the teaching ministry of the Church especially as regards magisterial teaching, lay and clerical preaching will be dealt with. Finally the notion of incardination/excardination will be examined.
Canon Law II (TPT235) NQF 8
Admission: Requires TPT102 Module will consider spirit behind sacramental law, the use of sacramental law as a tool in pastoral ministry, and the theological-canonical debates regarding some issues of sacramental law.
Pastoral Canon Law (TPT332) NQF 7
Admission: Requires BRB101, TST101 and TMT101 This module examines canonical and pastoral requirements of ministry. Issues include: faculties in general; parish issues; roles and duties of parish priests; roles and duties of assistant priests; parish finances; stipends; administration of sacraments; parish registers and ecclesiastical returns; marriage preparation.
Canon Law on Marriage (TPT330) NQF 8
Admission: Requires TPT102 This module provides a basic introduction to the use of external forum solutions in marriage cases, especially the cases of the divorced and remarried. These include the law and practice regarding: declaration of invalidity of marriage on account of impediments and defective canonical form; annulment on account of defective consent; the dissolution of the bond in ratified and non-consummation cases; the favour of faith cases (Pauline and Petrine privileges); and convalidation and separation.
Special Moral Theology I: Marriage and African Traditions (TMT324) NQF 8
Admission: Requires TMT323 This module deals with areas of pastoral concern arising from marriage in the African culture and in the Christian tradition. Topics include: customary union; polygamy and family responsibilities; divorce, separation and remarriage; single parents; informal unions; reception of unbaptised couples into the church.
Special Moral Theology II: The Ministry of Healing (TMT325) NQF 8
Admission: Requires TMT221and TPT102 This module deals with pastoral and moral issues arising from the sacraments of healing and other forms of healing ministry in Africa. Topics include: illness and healing as social, cultural and Christian realities; the Church's mission to heal; the nature of religious healing; pastoral and ministerial expressions of the Sacraments of Healing. Accompaniment of the dying. Students will also prepare for actual administration of the three forms of sacramental Penance, with special reference to the reconciliation of individual penitents.
Pastoral Counselling I (TPT226) NQF 7
Admission: Requires TST101, TMT101 & TST102 This module provides knowledge and practice of basic skills in pastoral counselling. Issues of attending, effective listening, awareness of feeling, emotions and content are considered, as are skills of concreteness, genuineness, respect, accurate empathy, problem solving, confrontation, conflict resolution and referral. The relationship of personal growth and the Christian message are points of integration in these skills.
Pastoral Counselling II (TPT327) NQF 8
Admission: Requires TPT226 This module provides information and insight into areas of need which are likely to be encountered in pastoral ministry and to introduce approaches in counselling appropriate to these needs. The opportunity to practice through appropriate role-play. Provide opportunity and guidance in researching an area of pastoral need of the student's own choice.
Marriage and Family Counselling (TPT334) NQF 8
Admission: Requires 327 This module aims to introduce the students to some of the basic elements for the understanding of couples relationships, marriage and family. It aims to provide them with some of the basic skills for the pastoral care of marriages and families. Topics include: patterns of marriage and family, basic principles of marital/family function, dimensions of marriage, marital commitment and intimacy, developmental stages in marriage and family, marital problems and dysfunctions, interventions in marriage, special issues in marriage and family.
Clinical Pastoral Education (In association with UKZNP) (TPT328) NQF 8
Admission: As determined by UKZNP C.P.E. is a programme of supervised counselling, whereby the student is able to gain firsthand practice in counselling skills in the environment of a hospital.
Reflection on Ministry (TPT329) NQF 8
Admission: Requires TPT325, TPT222, TPT224 & TPT332 Module seeks to develops a method of reflection on issues of ministerial life so as to enhance ministerial effectiveness. Concrete pastoral experiences from the students pastoral placement are discussed so as to foster ministerial skills. Professional and ethical norms are also considered.
Pastoral Administration (TPT333) NQF 8
Admission: Requires TPT332 Module intends to prepare students for practical aspects of general and financial administration in the pastoral context. Major areas considered are: accountability for parish finances, the finance committee and fundraising; building maintenance and insurance, new buildings; general administration including meetings, agendas, efficiency, staff relations; vehicle purchase, maintenance, and insurance.
Integrating Seminar (TRT301) NQF 8
Admission: Requires TPT329 This seminar offers accompaniment and peer group reflection on the themes prepared by the students in anticipation of the final programme evaluations. The seminar offers the opportunity to integrate a multi-disciplinary approach to crucial topics within the theological debate, especially as those relate to social issues within the local and global contexts. |
