SAQA All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.
SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY 
REGISTERED UNIT STANDARD THAT HAS PASSED THE END DATE: 

Perform flying manoeuvres by sole reference to instruments 
SAQA US ID UNIT STANDARD TITLE
243327  Perform flying manoeuvres by sole reference to instruments 
ORIGINATOR
SGB Aerospace Operations 
PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QUALITY ASSURANCE FUNCTIONARY
-  
FIELD SUBFIELD
Field 10 - Physical, Mathematical, Computer and Life Sciences Physical Sciences 
ABET BAND UNIT STANDARD TYPE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL CREDITS
Undefined  Regular  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5  15 
REGISTRATION STATUS REGISTRATION START DATE REGISTRATION END DATE SAQA DECISION NUMBER
Passed the End Date -
Status was "Reregistered" 		 2018-07-01  2023-06-30  SAQA 06120/18 
LAST DATE FOR ENROLMENT LAST DATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT
2024-06-30   2027-06-30  

In all of the tables in this document, both the pre-2009 NQF Level and the NQF Level is shown. In the text (purpose statements, qualification rules, etc), any references to NQF Levels are to the pre-2009 levels unless specifically stated otherwise.  

This unit standard does not replace any other unit standard and is not replaced by any other unit standard. 

PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD 
This unit standard will enable learners to fly the aircraft straight and level, turn the aircraft onto given headings and demonstrate straight and turning climbs and descents by sole reference to full and limited instrument panels. Learners will further be able to recognise and recover from unusual flight attitudes by reference to limited instrument panel and respond to instrument failures, while ensuring that the aircraft and its systems are managed in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations, Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) or Military Aviation Authority (MAA) Regulations and safe flying practice. The learner will be able to utilise this unit standard within the context of commercial piloting.

A person credited with this unit standard is able to:
  • Perform normal manoeuvres within specified tolerances.
  • Recover from unusual flight attitudes.
  • Manage failure of flight instruments. 
    		•

    LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING 
  • Mathematics at NQF Level 4.
  • Physical Science at NQF Level 4.
  • Communication at NQF Level 4.
  • Fly a single-engine aircraft in all phases of flight in VMC by day and by night.
  • Control the aircraft by visual reference in normal flight.
  • Perform airport operations.
  • Perform advanced manoeuvres and procedures.
  • Perform slow flight, stalls and spin recoveries (aeroplane only). 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD RANGE 
  • Assessment of the learner shall be conducted in compliance with CAA/MAA Regulations and in accordance with safe flying practice.
  • The aircraft and its systems shall be operated within the limitations expressed in the Aircraft flight Manual (AFM) or Pilot Operating Handbook (POH).
  • Cockpit Resource Management is not to be assessed as a stand-alone element. However, the outcomes resulting from CRM can be assessed. CRM is integral to flight and flight safety. Procedural elements of CRM are to be assessed throughout the assessment of all outcomes in a holistic and integrated way.
    > Range of procedural elements include but are not limited to: Use of checklists, crew briefings, radio calls, and callouts.
  • Assessment:

    > Assessments shall be conducted in an aircraft certified for single pilot operation.
    > If a multi-engine aircraft is provided for assessment, the learner shall be assessed on competence in carrying out appropriate manoeuvres with one engine (simulated) inoperative.
  • Competence shall be assessed in a single or multi-engine aeroplane with retractable undercarriage and adjustable flaps, and variable pitch propeller, or turbo-propeller or turbo-jet engines, or in a helicopter with a maximum certificated mass of at least 500 kg. An equivalent flight simulator approved by the regulatory authority may be substituted for the aircraft.
  • Tolerances:

    > The assessor shall make allowance for environmental conditions and the handling qualities and performance of the type of aircraft.
    > Assessors should not over emphasize staying within the tolerances at the expense of smooth flying.

    > General Flying:

    > ± 5 ° heading, ± 5 kts IAS, ± 50 ft altitude.
    > Aircraft is balanced to within ¼ of the balance ball.

    > Instrument flying:

    > Full panel: ± 5 ° heading, ± 5 kts IAS, ± 50 ft altitude.
    > Limited Panel: ± 10 ° heading, ± 10 kts IAS, ± 100 ft altitude.
    > Turns: ± 10 ° after initial correction on roll out, ± 10kts, ± 100 ft, ± 10% of correct time for turn.
    > Aircraft is balanced to within ¼ of the balance ball.

    > Asymmetric flight (applicable only to multi-engine aeroplane)

    > Heading ± 5 °, +10 / -5 kts IAS, ± 100 ft altitude.
    > Aircraft is balanced to within ½ of the balance ball.
  • Emergencies (simulated):
    > Under no circumstances shall the aircraft or its occupants be placed in jeopardy.
  • Good airmanship appropriate to the level of the unit standard should be demonstrated for all outcomes. Additional elements of airmanship specific to outcomes are indicated in range statements within assessment criteria.
  • Competence of the learner must be assessed with reference to full instrument panel and partial (attitude indicator and directional gyroscope failed) instrument panel.
  • Competence of the learner must be assessed under actual or simulated Instrument Meteorological Conditions or in a recognised cockpit procedural trainer/simulator.
  • Competence of the learner must be assessed using Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) and VOR/TACAN ground-based navigational aids and Global Position System (GPS). 
    		•

    Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria: 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 1 
    Perform normal manoeuvres within specified tolerances. 
    OUTCOME RANGE 
    Normal manoeuvres are straight and level flight; medium turns; climbs and descents at shallow angles and combinations of these manoeuvres. The manoeuvres shall be performed with different configurations of undercarriage and flaps and during changes of configuration. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    Flight instrument displays are interpreted in order to establish the aircraft situation. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Situation includes but is not limited to: pitch, yaw and roll attitudes; speed; vertical speed; altitude; rates of change of these parameters.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    Aircraft is controlled within its limitations to achieve the desired flightpath for the manoeuvre. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Limitations include but are not limited to maximum speeds and maximum engine power.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    Actual and desired effects are compared in order to adjust control inputs. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    Aircraft systems are managed within the limits of the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) or manufacturer's recommendations. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Systems management includes but is not limited to: monitoring of engine parameters; changing configuration within limiting speeds.
     

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 2 
    Recover from unusual flight attitudes. 
    OUTCOME RANGE 
    Unusual flight attitudes include but are not limited to: high pitch attitude/low airspeed situations; low pitch attitude/high airspeed situations; straight and spiralling dives; steep bank angles and spins (aeroplane only); aeroplane minimum control speed with one engine (simulated) inoperative. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    Flight instrument displays are interpreted in order to recognise unusual flight attitudes. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    This assessment shall be made using limited instrument panel (attitude indicator and direction indicator disabled) if permitted by the AFM.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    The aircraft is restored to a normal flight situation using prescribed techniques. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Prescribed techniques are those set out in the AFM or recommended by the manufacturer.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    Aircraft systems are managed within the limits of the AFM or manufacturer's recommendations. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Systems management includes but is not limited to: monitoring of engine parameters; observing maximum power settings, speeds and load factors.
     

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 3 
    Manage the failure of flight instruments. 
    OUTCOME RANGE 
    This shall be assessed with failure of at least the attitude indicator and any other instrument using the same power source. The failures may be simulated. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    Failure of flight instruments is identified within a real or simulated environment. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    Failure is analysed to determine possible reasons and consequences. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Consequences of failure may include unreliable indications from other flight instruments and or degradation of aircraft capability such as autopilot failure.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    A contingency plan is implemented to continue the flight. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Contingency plan may include but is not limited to: use of backup or alternate power sources; use of backup or alternate instruments; modification of flight to accommodate reduced capability of the aircraft.
     


    UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS 
  • Anyone assessing a learner or moderating the assessment of a learner against this unit standard must be registered as an assessor with the relevant ETQA in accordance with the current ETQA regulations.
  • Any institution offering learning that will enable the achievement of this unit standard must be accredited as a provider with the relevant ETQA.
  • Other ETQA's who have a Memorandum of Understanding with the relevant ETQA would be responsible for moderation of learner achievements of learners who meet the requirements of this qualification. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE 
  • Aircraft flight Manual (AFM) checks and procedures.
  • Instrument serviceability indications and checks.
  • Functioning of flight instruments, their errors and limitations.
  • Limitations and functioning of the aircraft systems: general and aircraft specific.
  • Aerodynamics of flight.
  • Environmental conditions likely to lead to IMC.
  • Aeromedical factors that contribute to the spatial disorientation of the pilot when performing instrument manoeuvres under conditions of limited visibility. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME 
    N/A 

    UNIT STANDARD LINKAGES 
    N/A 


    Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO): 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO IDENTIFYING 
    Identifying and solving problems in which responses display that responsible decisions using critical and creative thinking have been made when:
  • Planning and performing flights to achieve objectives within the constraints of the aircraft limitations and regulatory requirements. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO WORKING 
    Working effectively with others as a member of a team, group, organisation, and community during:
  • Acting as pilot-in-command of a flight crew.
  • Communicating with Air Traffic Service (ATS) and organising the flight in cognisance of other air traffic.
  • Establishing and maintaining an open communication environment conducive to good team work. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO ORGANISING 
    Organising and managing oneself and one's activities responsibly and effectively when:
  • Plan ahead.
  • Compliance with applicable legislation.
  • Performing appropriate checks and procedures.
  • Using checklists where appropriate.
  • Exercising command ability and manoeuvring the aircraft within its limits in order to achieve the desired outcomes. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO COLLECTING 
    Collecting, analysing, organising and critically evaluating information to better understand and explain:
  • Identifying symptoms of instrument, system and engine malfunctions.
  • Identifying changes to the conditions and the prevailing weather.
  • Identifying changes to the traffic flow which may require adaptation of the flight path. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO COMMUNICATING 
    Communicating effectively using visual, mathematical and/or language skills in the modes of oral and/or written persuasion when:
  • Radio and cockpit communication is in accordance with standard procedures and phraseology to ensure clarity and brevity of communication is achieved.
  • Establishing and maintaining an open communication environment conducive to good team work. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO SCIENCE 
    Using science and technology effectively and critically, showing responsibility towards the environment and health of others when:
  • Proper and effective visual scanning to clear the area before and while performing manoeuvres by visual reference.
  • Operation of the aircraft and its systems in accordance with the AFM/POH.
  • Taking prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded.
  • Flying the aircraft in such a way that tolerance exceedences are kept to a minimum. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO DEMONSTRATING 
    Demonstrating an understanding of the world as a set of related systems by recognising that problem-solving contexts do not exist in isolation when:
  • A high level of situational awareness is maintained.
  • Airspace restrictions and requirements are adhered to.
  • Curfews, noise abatement procedures and other measures to minimise disturbance to the environment and the public are observed.
  • Safe flying practice is maintained. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD ASSESSOR CRITERIA 
  • The assessor must hold a recognised relevant civil or military flying instructor certification as applicable to the stream of assessment.
  • The assessor must be competent in the outcomes of this unit standard. 
    		•

    REREGISTRATION HISTORY 
    As per the SAQA Board decision/s at that time, this unit standard was Reregistered in 2012; 2015. 

    UNIT STANDARD NOTES 
    Learners who are not competent in the language proficiency standard for ICAO defined operational English at ICAO level 4 will find it difficult to meet licensing requirements.

    Use of distractions during practical assessment:

    Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To strengthen this area of pilot training and evaluation, the assessor shall provide a realistic distraction during the flight portion of the practical test. This will give the assessor a positive opportunity to evaluate the learner's ability to divide attention both inside and outside the cockpit while maintaining safe flight.

    The information contained in this unit standard does not supersede any information contained in manufacturer's instructions or any law.

    Abbreviations:
  • MAA: Military Aviation Authority.
  • CAA: Civil Aviation Authority.
  • CRM: Cockpit Resource Management.
  • AFM: Aircraft flight Manual.
  • POH: Pilots Operating Handbook.
  • ATS: Air Traffic Services.
  • VOR: Very high frequency omnidirectional radio range.
  • TACAN: Tactical air navigation system.
  • NDB: Non-Directional Beacon.
  • GPS: Global Positioning System.
  • AFM: Aircraft flight Manual.

    Definitions:
  • Airmanship is defined as incorporating the ability to make sound judgements and execution of safe practices.
  • Situational awareness: The perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future. 
    		•

    QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
      ID QUALIFICATION TITLE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL STATUS END DATE PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QA FUNCTIONARY
    Core  58023   National Diploma: Aircraft Piloting  Level 5  NQF Level 05  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2016-12-31  TETA 


    PROVIDERS CURRENTLY ACCREDITED TO OFFER THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
    This information shows the current accreditations (i.e. those not past their accreditation end dates), and is the most complete record available to SAQA as of today. Some Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionaries have a lag in their recording systems for provider accreditation, in turn leading to a lag in notifying SAQA of all the providers that they have accredited to offer qualifications and unit standards, as well as any extensions to accreditation end dates. The relevant Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionary should be notified if a record appears to be missing from here.
     
    NONE 


    All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.